Some scientists have hypothesized that Australian aboriginals received a portion of their DNA from an ancient hominid species called Homo erectus, which for a short time was contemporaneous with modern man. A recent study published in PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences) set out to answer this question by analyzing mtDNA and Y-chromosome samples from aboriginals.
A total of 172 mtDNA and 522 Y-chromosome previously published and new sequences from aboriginal Australians and New Guineans were analyzed for mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation and were compared to the current world haplogroup tree. All of the mtDNA sequences were members of the M and N founder branches, and all of the Y-chromosome sequences fell into the C and F founder branches.
The results suggest that the Australian aboriginals are descendants of the same emigrant group that left Africa 50,000 to 70,000 years ago and populated Europe and Asia. At least from the small number of samples analyzed for this study, there does not seem to be any DNA contribution from Homo erectus.
The uniformity of the sequences suggests that once humans migrated into the region there was little other gene flow. This might explain why the Australian and New Guinean populations share phenotypic features that are unique to the region.
You can read more about this new study at National Geographic or NewScientist, or read the article online for free at PNAS. Additionally, Ron Scott at Scott Genealogy has provided a transcript (pdf) of an interview with Toomas Kivisild (one of the authors of the study and a name that many genetic genealogists will recognize).
dna etiketine sahip kayıtlar gösteriliyor. Tüm kayıtları göster
dna etiketine sahip kayıtlar gösteriliyor. Tüm kayıtları göster
11 Mart 2008 Salı
Genetic Genealogy and Non-Paternal Events
There is a certain occurrence in genetic genealogy called a Non-Paternal or Non Paternity Event. This is a break in the ancestry of a person’s Y chromosome and surname. A person named “Smith,” for instance, might have a Y chromosome that is clearly “Johnson.”
A non paternal event can occur when an adopted male takes the surname of his adoptive family, or a male child takes his step-father’s surname, or a male child takes his mother’s surname (undoubtedly there are other circumstances as well).
When a break in the Y chromosome is suspected or confirmed, it is possible that the break might have occurred 1,000 years ago, 100 years ago, or with the testee’s birth.
An article in The Atlantic titled “Who’s Your Daddy” addresses the ‘unintended consequences of genetic screening for disease.’ Or, in some cases, the unintended consequences of testing for genetic genealogy. The author, Steve Olson, recently underwent genetic genealogy testing:
“A scientific officer at a genetic testing company knew that I was interested in genealogy, and he had offered to run my DNA through a sequencer. A few weeks earlier, I’d swished mouthwash inside my cheeks, sealed the mouthwash in a tube, and mailed the tube to the company.”
The results of Mr. Olson’s (when I say that name out loud, all I can think of is ‘Little House on the Prairie’!) test revealed that his DNA was what he predicted it would be – of Scandinavian descent.
However, as Mr. Olson points out, this doesn’t always happen. The article cites Bennett Greenspan, of Family Tree DNA, as stating that “any project that has more than 20 or 30 people in it is likely to have an oops in it.” This aligns well with the traditional belief that anywhere from 5 to 15% of men are not the actual biological fathers of their children. Following this out 10 generations, there is a 40% chance of a non-paternal event!
Along the same lines, a recent article was published on the Wall Street Journals ‘informedreader’ blog titled “As DNA Tests Spread, So Do Nasty Paternity Surprises.” The article cited Steve Olson’s piece in The Atlantic.
I must admit, I have a deep understanding of this issue and the effect it can have on tested individuals. I have a solid paper trail to Germany back to the 1750’s, but when I received the results of my test, I was shocked to find that my DNA belonged to a small and unique subclade of R1b1c that was only found in England! All of my closest matches also originated in the British Isles.
My first thought was a non-paternal event. I even asked my Mom whether my dad was actually my dad (I was 99.9% joking, of course)! I was so proud of my German heritage, and here I was faced with the possibility that I wasn’t German at all.
However, after a few months, new results showed that other people belonging to the unique subclade of R1b1c also originated in the same area of Germany that my ancestors came from. Thus, rather than worrying about a potential non-paternal event, I was the first person identified with this subclade to be from Germany.
Thanks to Hsien at EyeonDNA for her help!
A non paternal event can occur when an adopted male takes the surname of his adoptive family, or a male child takes his step-father’s surname, or a male child takes his mother’s surname (undoubtedly there are other circumstances as well).
When a break in the Y chromosome is suspected or confirmed, it is possible that the break might have occurred 1,000 years ago, 100 years ago, or with the testee’s birth.
An article in The Atlantic titled “Who’s Your Daddy” addresses the ‘unintended consequences of genetic screening for disease.’ Or, in some cases, the unintended consequences of testing for genetic genealogy. The author, Steve Olson, recently underwent genetic genealogy testing:
“A scientific officer at a genetic testing company knew that I was interested in genealogy, and he had offered to run my DNA through a sequencer. A few weeks earlier, I’d swished mouthwash inside my cheeks, sealed the mouthwash in a tube, and mailed the tube to the company.”
The results of Mr. Olson’s (when I say that name out loud, all I can think of is ‘Little House on the Prairie’!) test revealed that his DNA was what he predicted it would be – of Scandinavian descent.
However, as Mr. Olson points out, this doesn’t always happen. The article cites Bennett Greenspan, of Family Tree DNA, as stating that “any project that has more than 20 or 30 people in it is likely to have an oops in it.” This aligns well with the traditional belief that anywhere from 5 to 15% of men are not the actual biological fathers of their children. Following this out 10 generations, there is a 40% chance of a non-paternal event!
Along the same lines, a recent article was published on the Wall Street Journals ‘informedreader’ blog titled “As DNA Tests Spread, So Do Nasty Paternity Surprises.” The article cited Steve Olson’s piece in The Atlantic.
I must admit, I have a deep understanding of this issue and the effect it can have on tested individuals. I have a solid paper trail to Germany back to the 1750’s, but when I received the results of my test, I was shocked to find that my DNA belonged to a small and unique subclade of R1b1c that was only found in England! All of my closest matches also originated in the British Isles.
My first thought was a non-paternal event. I even asked my Mom whether my dad was actually my dad (I was 99.9% joking, of course)! I was so proud of my German heritage, and here I was faced with the possibility that I wasn’t German at all.
However, after a few months, new results showed that other people belonging to the unique subclade of R1b1c also originated in the same area of Germany that my ancestors came from. Thus, rather than worrying about a potential non-paternal event, I was the first person identified with this subclade to be from Germany.
Thanks to Hsien at EyeonDNA for her help!
The Early Stages of the Genetic Genealogy Revolution
It’s always been my belief that personal genetics (inexpensive whole-genome analysis) will bring about some exciting changes in the field of genetic genealogy. One of the biggest areas of change will undoubtedly be in the area of autosomal genetic testing. (Remember that autosomal testing examines nuclear DNA, which is DNA other than mtDNA, Y-DNA, or X chromsomes).
A new study takes one of the first steps in the genetic genealogy revolution by examining SNP variations in four self-identified American populations – European, Latino/Hispanic, Asian, and African American (see reference below). “These population labels were used, despite the controversy surrounding the correspondence between notions of race and population structure inferred from explicit genetic data, because they are the labels used by NIH, FDA, and many, if not most, biomedical researchers.” The researchers sequenced the exons and flanking regions of 3,873 genes from 76 unrelated individuals.
Results:
SNPs common in one population were frequently not common in other populations. “Moreover, SNPs that were common in two or more populations often differed significantly in frequency from one another, particularly in comparisons of African Americans versus other U.S. populations. These findings indicate that even if the bulk of alleles underlying complex health-related traits are common SNPs, geographic ancestry might well be an important predictor of whether a person carries a risk allele. “
“A frequent claim about human population structure is that most common variation is shared among all populations. This, of course, depends on how population boundaries are defined, but often cited to support such comments are the comparisons of SNP frequencies in pairs of populations in the HapMap data and the Perlegen data. Analyses of these data indicated that common SNPs were frequently both shared and common among populations of predominately African, Asian, and European ancestry. However, population genetic analysis was not the intended goal of either the HapMap or the Perlegen projects, and common, shared SNPs were over sampled by the ascertainment strategies used for each project.”
The structure of common SNP variation differed substantially in African Americans compared with all other U.S. populations studied. “The largest absolute number of SNPs, common SNPs, and private SNPs were found in African Americans. African Americans exhibited the highest proportion of rare SNPs (64%), the lowest proportion of common SNPs (36%), and nearly half of all SNPs (44%) in African Americans were private.”
Although I still think it is too early for useful autosomal testing, this type of data suggests that there is a bright future for geographic ancestry.
Reference: The Structure of Common Genetic Variation in U.S. Populations. Stephen L. Guthery, Benjamin A. Salisbury, Manish S. Pungliya, J. Claiborne Stephens, and Michael Bamshad. The American Society of Human Genetics (Link(pdf, requires subscription)).
HT: Dienekes’ Anthropology Blog
A new study takes one of the first steps in the genetic genealogy revolution by examining SNP variations in four self-identified American populations – European, Latino/Hispanic, Asian, and African American (see reference below). “These population labels were used, despite the controversy surrounding the correspondence between notions of race and population structure inferred from explicit genetic data, because they are the labels used by NIH, FDA, and many, if not most, biomedical researchers.” The researchers sequenced the exons and flanking regions of 3,873 genes from 76 unrelated individuals.
Results:
SNPs common in one population were frequently not common in other populations. “Moreover, SNPs that were common in two or more populations often differed significantly in frequency from one another, particularly in comparisons of African Americans versus other U.S. populations. These findings indicate that even if the bulk of alleles underlying complex health-related traits are common SNPs, geographic ancestry might well be an important predictor of whether a person carries a risk allele. “
“A frequent claim about human population structure is that most common variation is shared among all populations. This, of course, depends on how population boundaries are defined, but often cited to support such comments are the comparisons of SNP frequencies in pairs of populations in the HapMap data and the Perlegen data. Analyses of these data indicated that common SNPs were frequently both shared and common among populations of predominately African, Asian, and European ancestry. However, population genetic analysis was not the intended goal of either the HapMap or the Perlegen projects, and common, shared SNPs were over sampled by the ascertainment strategies used for each project.”
The structure of common SNP variation differed substantially in African Americans compared with all other U.S. populations studied. “The largest absolute number of SNPs, common SNPs, and private SNPs were found in African Americans. African Americans exhibited the highest proportion of rare SNPs (64%), the lowest proportion of common SNPs (36%), and nearly half of all SNPs (44%) in African Americans were private.”
Although I still think it is too early for useful autosomal testing, this type of data suggests that there is a bright future for geographic ancestry.
Reference: The Structure of Common Genetic Variation in U.S. Populations. Stephen L. Guthery, Benjamin A. Salisbury, Manish S. Pungliya, J. Claiborne Stephens, and Michael Bamshad. The American Society of Human Genetics (Link(pdf, requires subscription)).
HT: Dienekes’ Anthropology Blog
Dna Source
By the early 1970s, Sanger was interested in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA sequence studies had not developed because of the immense size of DNA molecules and the lack of suitable enzymes to cleave DNA into smaller pieces. Building on the enzyme copying approach used by the Swiss chemist Charles Weissmann in his studies on bacteriophage RNA, Sanger began using the enzyme DNA polymerase to make new strands of DNA from single-strand templates, introducing radioactive nucleotides into the new DNA. DNA polymerase requires a primer that can bind to a known region of the template strand. Early success was limited by the lack of suitable primers. Sanger and British colleague Alan R. Coulson developed the “plus and minus” method for rapid DNA sequencing. It represented a radical departure from earlier methods in that it did not utilize partial hydrolysis. Instead, it generated a series of DNA molecules of varying lengths that could be separated by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For both plus and minus systems, DNA was synthesized from templates to generate random sets of DNA molecules from very short to very long. When both plus and minus sets were separated on the same gel, the sequence could be read from either system, one confirming the other. In 1977 Sanger's group used this system to deduce most of the DNA sequence of bacteriophage FX174, the first complete genome to be sequenced.
Our Dreams Are Our DNA
Take biology for instance. I never took a biology course in my life. I really have no idea how my body works, and yet I remain in good health. But when I visit the doctor, it’s the same as visiting an auto mechanic or a computer technician. They ask a few questions, and then tell me it sounds like a problem with the gobbly-gook. I nod my head, as if I know what they’re talking about, and then leave more confused then ever.
So, you could imagine my horror when my son comes up to me and says, “Daddy, what’s DNA?” I had no clue. The only people that really care about it are the lawyers, the researchers and the people on CSI. I figured it had to stand for something, and I knew two things about it from watching television: it’s all over our body, and it’s unique for every body.
So, I gave him my “Daddy knows best” look and said, “Eric, it’s an abbreviation. It stands for…Dreams Needing Attention.” His face lit up and he went to the phone to tell all his friends about his new found knowledge. Then my wife came up, and said, “Hold on Eric. I decided to Ask Jeeves, and he said DNA stands for Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.” Silly Jeeves. So, I told my son that was the Latin equivalent for Dreams Needing Attention.
But if you think about it, my answer made perfect sense. Our dreams are our DNA. DNA is all over our body, and it makes us unique. So do our dreams!
My feet have dreams to run with Olympic speed. My hands have dreams to write another best-seller…or two. My eyes have dreams of seeing a summer without any road construction! And our hearts have dreams. Why else would the Internet become the world’s largest dating service?
Sure, some of us share similar dreams. Other people also want to write a few best-sellers. But, when we look at the big set of our career dreams, our relationship dreams, our fun dreams and our other dreams, we are each unique in that large set of dreams.
So, DNA is all over our body, and it makes us unique. The thing is that when we’re young, we have huge dreams. We want to cook like Martha Stewart, even if we don’t know how to turn on the oven. The gap between our reality and our dreams is huge. As we grow older, we should be closing the gap to make these huge dreams come true. But instead, we pay attention to the dreams that are much closer to reality.
Our big dreams haven’t gone away, we’re just not paying attention to them. They’re still in our feet, our hands, our eyes and our hearts.
Adults don’t seem to think dreams come true, but they do. Dreams come true everyday. When you get up in the morning, you dream about getting to work on time. (For some this is a bigger dream than for others) At the beginning of the year, your sales manager will present a sales dream for the year. (sure, he might call it a target, or a goal, or an objective) Then the sales team works to make that sales dream a reality.
On a smaller scale, each day, you go about spending your time and money trying to make your dreams come true. The dreams you focus on will create your reality. If you’re focusing on sales of one mil.lion per year, you’ll probably get different results than if you’re focusing on sales of ten mil.lion per year.
To change your reality, change the dreams that you’re paying attention to.
If you pay attention to the dream of making it through the day, then that will be your reality. If you pay attention to the dream of becoming the person your DNA wants you to be, then your reality will go in a whole new direction.
We’re not put on this planet to settle. We’re put here to shine.
Your reality in the upcoming weeks, months and years will depend on the dreams you pay attention to today. Ask yourself what reality you want for yourself, then pay attention to the dreams that will get you there!
So, you could imagine my horror when my son comes up to me and says, “Daddy, what’s DNA?” I had no clue. The only people that really care about it are the lawyers, the researchers and the people on CSI. I figured it had to stand for something, and I knew two things about it from watching television: it’s all over our body, and it’s unique for every body.
So, I gave him my “Daddy knows best” look and said, “Eric, it’s an abbreviation. It stands for…Dreams Needing Attention.” His face lit up and he went to the phone to tell all his friends about his new found knowledge. Then my wife came up, and said, “Hold on Eric. I decided to Ask Jeeves, and he said DNA stands for Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.” Silly Jeeves. So, I told my son that was the Latin equivalent for Dreams Needing Attention.
But if you think about it, my answer made perfect sense. Our dreams are our DNA. DNA is all over our body, and it makes us unique. So do our dreams!
My feet have dreams to run with Olympic speed. My hands have dreams to write another best-seller…or two. My eyes have dreams of seeing a summer without any road construction! And our hearts have dreams. Why else would the Internet become the world’s largest dating service?
Sure, some of us share similar dreams. Other people also want to write a few best-sellers. But, when we look at the big set of our career dreams, our relationship dreams, our fun dreams and our other dreams, we are each unique in that large set of dreams.
So, DNA is all over our body, and it makes us unique. The thing is that when we’re young, we have huge dreams. We want to cook like Martha Stewart, even if we don’t know how to turn on the oven. The gap between our reality and our dreams is huge. As we grow older, we should be closing the gap to make these huge dreams come true. But instead, we pay attention to the dreams that are much closer to reality.
Our big dreams haven’t gone away, we’re just not paying attention to them. They’re still in our feet, our hands, our eyes and our hearts.
Adults don’t seem to think dreams come true, but they do. Dreams come true everyday. When you get up in the morning, you dream about getting to work on time. (For some this is a bigger dream than for others) At the beginning of the year, your sales manager will present a sales dream for the year. (sure, he might call it a target, or a goal, or an objective) Then the sales team works to make that sales dream a reality.
On a smaller scale, each day, you go about spending your time and money trying to make your dreams come true. The dreams you focus on will create your reality. If you’re focusing on sales of one mil.lion per year, you’ll probably get different results than if you’re focusing on sales of ten mil.lion per year.
To change your reality, change the dreams that you’re paying attention to.
If you pay attention to the dream of making it through the day, then that will be your reality. If you pay attention to the dream of becoming the person your DNA wants you to be, then your reality will go in a whole new direction.
We’re not put on this planet to settle. We’re put here to shine.
Your reality in the upcoming weeks, months and years will depend on the dreams you pay attention to today. Ask yourself what reality you want for yourself, then pay attention to the dreams that will get you there!
10 Mart 2008 Pazartesi
Is It Safe To Have Personal DNA Testing?
Getting your own DNA make up has created a fad among health-concern societies. Basically, one of the main purpose for a person who wants to have his DNA analyzed, is just to find out whether he needs to have to take any health precautions. Highly sensitive testing has been discovered to track down the probability of disease to occur. It sounds like it is some sort of a disease prediction and seems to be true - as we called it as "Genetic Horoscope".
Most of the DNA Testing centers provide personal testing services for public but it has also raised doubts about the reliability of testing. Is it safe to have our personal DNA tested as we fear that our results might slip into wrong hands?
This is an ongoing dispute which is involves several people in and out of law enforcement. In terms of practicality of the testing service, several investors have invested millions in improving the research of testing technologies and products that could solve larger problems concerning other than health issues such as forensic science, paternity testing and ancestry search.
This might probably weighing down criticisms against personal DNA testing. In addition, price of testing will be reduced due to competition that make it more affordable and cheaper service rates for public. It better that we succumb to the privacy issues as testing requires mass submission of DNA samples into the database. Certainly, problems such as mass submission of samples could slow down the process of investigation of misdemeanors.
As all human makes mistakes - we learn from the mistakes as systematic DNA database establishment is depends on public cooperation. It is vastly depends on public involvement to produce a well-organized DNA database.
A well established DNA database can upgrade our quality of our lives as it is relying on comparison and analysis of all of our DNA sequences in pursuance of unlocking the hidden truth in our genes. Every new discoveries is a lead to a new solution - so as testing. Having a personal testing is safe although it has contrary views from various fields of people. It can be much safer if it is well regulated by prioritizing better health and ethics system.
It is not like a donation - you do not donate your own DNA. Your DNA will be eliminated once the test are run. Optionally, you can also opt for secure DNA storage. It can be destroyed upon your request. Start making an internet search on testing centers. Spend some time on their terms and policies. Please clarify about it with their consultants. Most of the times education does pay in order to have a safe DNA testing.
Most of the DNA Testing centers provide personal testing services for public but it has also raised doubts about the reliability of testing. Is it safe to have our personal DNA tested as we fear that our results might slip into wrong hands?
This is an ongoing dispute which is involves several people in and out of law enforcement. In terms of practicality of the testing service, several investors have invested millions in improving the research of testing technologies and products that could solve larger problems concerning other than health issues such as forensic science, paternity testing and ancestry search.
This might probably weighing down criticisms against personal DNA testing. In addition, price of testing will be reduced due to competition that make it more affordable and cheaper service rates for public. It better that we succumb to the privacy issues as testing requires mass submission of DNA samples into the database. Certainly, problems such as mass submission of samples could slow down the process of investigation of misdemeanors.
As all human makes mistakes - we learn from the mistakes as systematic DNA database establishment is depends on public cooperation. It is vastly depends on public involvement to produce a well-organized DNA database.
A well established DNA database can upgrade our quality of our lives as it is relying on comparison and analysis of all of our DNA sequences in pursuance of unlocking the hidden truth in our genes. Every new discoveries is a lead to a new solution - so as testing. Having a personal testing is safe although it has contrary views from various fields of people. It can be much safer if it is well regulated by prioritizing better health and ethics system.
It is not like a donation - you do not donate your own DNA. Your DNA will be eliminated once the test are run. Optionally, you can also opt for secure DNA storage. It can be destroyed upon your request. Start making an internet search on testing centers. Spend some time on their terms and policies. Please clarify about it with their consultants. Most of the times education does pay in order to have a safe DNA testing.
How to Order a Legal DNA Test
Legal paternity testing offers legal proof-of-paternity/non-paternity for a variety of legal applications, including divorce and custody cases, birth certificate changes and visa applications.
If both legal and personal tests offer the same DNA evidence, what is it that makes a legal test legal?
The collector.
As an independent party to the case, the appointed DNA collector ensures that each participant is properly identified, witnessing the collection of each sample much like a notary public witnesses and collects a signature. The collector is responsible for mailing samples directly to the lab - eliminating the possibility of any tampering or contamination by participating parties.
DNA Worldwide is one of a select group of labs accredited by both the AABB and ISO 17025 standards bodies, the organizations responsible for monitoring the legal DNA testing process. The collection process and materials used are subject to strict AABB/ISO guidelines.
DNA Worldwide receives and processes the samples, notifying participants according to their requested method as soon as results become available.
As always, DNA Worldwide's Client Services representatives are available to provide assistance with this- or any other - testing process. Our goal is to make the entire procedure as smooth and painless as possible, for our clients.
The Collection Process*
DNA Worldwide provides the collector with a complete legal DNA collection kit, which includes the following forms and collection materials for each participant:
*Chain-of-custody forms *Pre-addressed air bill *Swabs/Envelopes *Instructions *Plastic bio-hazard bag
The list of all identification and documentation requirements includes government-issued photo identification (for parents/guardians - tested or not), birth certificates (for dependents), and - if applicable - proof-of-guardianship.
The collector reviews all identification and documentation, and - along with all participants - signs and dates photocopies of each. Each participant signs and dates the completed chain-of-custody form, which the collector certifies with their signature. Sample collection is completed in the collector's presence, after which test swabs are sealed in their respective envelopes, and--together with the completed documentation - are submitted to DNA Worldwide's lab for testing. Collectors are encouraged to use our Legal Test Collectors' Hotline 0845 2571217 for help with ordering and collecting a legal DNA test.
If both legal and personal tests offer the same DNA evidence, what is it that makes a legal test legal?
The collector.
As an independent party to the case, the appointed DNA collector ensures that each participant is properly identified, witnessing the collection of each sample much like a notary public witnesses and collects a signature. The collector is responsible for mailing samples directly to the lab - eliminating the possibility of any tampering or contamination by participating parties.
DNA Worldwide is one of a select group of labs accredited by both the AABB and ISO 17025 standards bodies, the organizations responsible for monitoring the legal DNA testing process. The collection process and materials used are subject to strict AABB/ISO guidelines.
DNA Worldwide receives and processes the samples, notifying participants according to their requested method as soon as results become available.
As always, DNA Worldwide's Client Services representatives are available to provide assistance with this- or any other - testing process. Our goal is to make the entire procedure as smooth and painless as possible, for our clients.
The Collection Process*
DNA Worldwide provides the collector with a complete legal DNA collection kit, which includes the following forms and collection materials for each participant:
*Chain-of-custody forms *Pre-addressed air bill *Swabs/Envelopes *Instructions *Plastic bio-hazard bag
The list of all identification and documentation requirements includes government-issued photo identification (for parents/guardians - tested or not), birth certificates (for dependents), and - if applicable - proof-of-guardianship.
The collector reviews all identification and documentation, and - along with all participants - signs and dates photocopies of each. Each participant signs and dates the completed chain-of-custody form, which the collector certifies with their signature. Sample collection is completed in the collector's presence, after which test swabs are sealed in their respective envelopes, and--together with the completed documentation - are submitted to DNA Worldwide's lab for testing. Collectors are encouraged to use our Legal Test Collectors' Hotline 0845 2571217 for help with ordering and collecting a legal DNA test.
Effect Of Food On Dna
Food has tantalizing effect in human history as in the start of the human evolution. Each individual has gene variation in which the protein sequences are affected and most likely, the nutrient requirements, the likeliness of disease are varied to the appropriateness of the genetic makeup in oneself. Nutrigenomics is the term used for the study of genes and nutritional requirements. It has been found that food can interact with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNIPs) in our DNA and activate certain genes.
For example, eating shrimp can cause skin allergy while assuming broccoli that is rich in anti cancer properties can activate detoxification.
Grapefruit has naringenin, a flavonoid rich in anti-cancer properties and induce DNA repair on affected cancer cells. The activation of naringenin will stimulate the Base Excision Repair (BER) cellular mechanism in DNA replication stage. The cancer preventive agent also rich in anti oxidant properties and could lower down cholesterol level in blood by 15%.
Sodium benzoate is a common preservative that is found in processed soft drinks to add flavoring. When tested on DNA of yeast, it could inactivate the DNA in mitochondria completely and later the cell malfunctions completely. Another study tied the preservative to neuro-degenerative diseases like Parkinson's and also the aging process.
Tocotrienols, the less studied of Vitamin E, may reduce DNA damage in cancer development by 50 percent. This important finding is related to oxidative stress and quenching of oxygen species by Vitamin E.
Eating kiwifruit can be a preventive measure against cancer as it can improve the DNA repair after peroxide is induced for cell damage. In one sense, the concept of nutrigenomics is already applied in modern medicine. Consider phenylketonuria, for example.
Infants with mutations in the PAH gene, which leads to impaired metabolism of phenylalanine, are fed a low- or no-phenylalanine diet for much of their childhood and usually into their adult life. Many other genes for simple metabolic disorders are tested in standard newborn screening assessments.
Most diseases, however, are much more complex. Advancing nutrigenomics for these diseases, and for overall health, will require dedicated, focused studies in genetics and epigenetics, as well as increased understanding of how genes, proteins, and epigenetic changes interact within networks and pathways.
For example, eating shrimp can cause skin allergy while assuming broccoli that is rich in anti cancer properties can activate detoxification.
Grapefruit has naringenin, a flavonoid rich in anti-cancer properties and induce DNA repair on affected cancer cells. The activation of naringenin will stimulate the Base Excision Repair (BER) cellular mechanism in DNA replication stage. The cancer preventive agent also rich in anti oxidant properties and could lower down cholesterol level in blood by 15%.
Sodium benzoate is a common preservative that is found in processed soft drinks to add flavoring. When tested on DNA of yeast, it could inactivate the DNA in mitochondria completely and later the cell malfunctions completely. Another study tied the preservative to neuro-degenerative diseases like Parkinson's and also the aging process.
Tocotrienols, the less studied of Vitamin E, may reduce DNA damage in cancer development by 50 percent. This important finding is related to oxidative stress and quenching of oxygen species by Vitamin E.
Eating kiwifruit can be a preventive measure against cancer as it can improve the DNA repair after peroxide is induced for cell damage. In one sense, the concept of nutrigenomics is already applied in modern medicine. Consider phenylketonuria, for example.
Infants with mutations in the PAH gene, which leads to impaired metabolism of phenylalanine, are fed a low- or no-phenylalanine diet for much of their childhood and usually into their adult life. Many other genes for simple metabolic disorders are tested in standard newborn screening assessments.
Most diseases, however, are much more complex. Advancing nutrigenomics for these diseases, and for overall health, will require dedicated, focused studies in genetics and epigenetics, as well as increased understanding of how genes, proteins, and epigenetic changes interact within networks and pathways.
DNA Testing In Early Cervical Cancer Detection
Pap smears has been traditionally used in cervical cancer detection that look for the the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cells which is the cause of most cervical cancer.
In addition to the traditional Pap smears, DNA testing for HPV from cervical cells has higher significance in detecting high-grade precancerous lesions.
An early detection able to avoid cancer from spreading to other parts of body.
It is matter of life and death if high accuracy and high sensitivity precancerous lesions detection able to be performed within a short period of time. Removal of benign tumor should be done as soon as possible.
Time is gold - The faster it detects, the faster it can save one's life.
However, DNA testing cannot be a replacement for Pap smears as it had created more false alarms that could force more woman to have further unnecessary medical workup.
Few things you need to know about HPV DNA Test:
1. It is only meant for woman over 30 years of age.
Women under 30 years of age will have asymptomatic infection with HPV. Woman after 30 and older have higher risk of high-grade precancerous lesions.
2. Highly-sensitive and specific molecular techniques for identifying HPV DNA in cervical specimens.
HPV DNA test was found to have slightly worse specificity than Pap smears due to the improving sensitivity of the test. This has created higher false positives rate than Pap testing.
3. Women over 30 to be tested every three years if they add the HPV DNA test to their regular testing regime.
If both tests (Pap and DNA Testing) are negative, screening is not repeated for three years.
Eventually, with the advancement of DNA testing of HPV, Pap smears testing can be replaced and women will have less frequent cervical cancer screenings.
In addition to the traditional Pap smears, DNA testing for HPV from cervical cells has higher significance in detecting high-grade precancerous lesions.
An early detection able to avoid cancer from spreading to other parts of body.
It is matter of life and death if high accuracy and high sensitivity precancerous lesions detection able to be performed within a short period of time. Removal of benign tumor should be done as soon as possible.
Time is gold - The faster it detects, the faster it can save one's life.
However, DNA testing cannot be a replacement for Pap smears as it had created more false alarms that could force more woman to have further unnecessary medical workup.
Few things you need to know about HPV DNA Test:
1. It is only meant for woman over 30 years of age.
Women under 30 years of age will have asymptomatic infection with HPV. Woman after 30 and older have higher risk of high-grade precancerous lesions.
2. Highly-sensitive and specific molecular techniques for identifying HPV DNA in cervical specimens.
HPV DNA test was found to have slightly worse specificity than Pap smears due to the improving sensitivity of the test. This has created higher false positives rate than Pap testing.
3. Women over 30 to be tested every three years if they add the HPV DNA test to their regular testing regime.
If both tests (Pap and DNA Testing) are negative, screening is not repeated for three years.
Eventually, with the advancement of DNA testing of HPV, Pap smears testing can be replaced and women will have less frequent cervical cancer screenings.
DNA Testing Improves Identification Of Survivors
We human beings are born to be unique. Although twins of similar features and sexes are hard to be differentiated, there is still one big difference if you look enough underneath all the layers of organs. The answer lies in the genetic markers in our DNA.
In this case, we can even reconstruct genetic profile of someone distant in your family tree or missing family member as gene inheritance happens in family like from grandparents to parents and so forth.
This identification method that is now being used for situations that, due to decomposition and the loss of medical records, have exhausted all other available identification methods.
For example, the World Trade Center 2001 destruction, Hurricane Katrina 2005 and South East Asia tsunami chaos 2004 which resulted in thousands of death which may need few days or weeks to retrieve the bodies and to be brought back to the morgue as weather, lack of humanitarian volunteers, badly affected location and also lack of technology could improve situation.
Forensic and postmortem protocols could check on features like dental, fingerprint, sex, hair color and others. In addition, with further implementation like DNA matching, it is necessary for identification of children who were lacking little antemortem dental or fingerprint data.
With standardized procedures, it would be likely for months to correctly match the corpse using genetic markers. In addition, roughly only 50 to 60% of the 3025 persons who died in 9-11 chaos were managed to be identify in 18 months.
Certain DNA markers that are shared among a deceased individual's DNA profile and several survivors' reference sample profiles indicate that a relative has been found and can now be identified. Of course the high cost of DNA testing and lack of morgue with the expertise in those destructive places may lead to slow identification.
In 2006, the DNA Shoah Project was set to achieve its goal to give the departed Holocausts victims the last respect they deserved and to create a DNA database that can serve as both a genetic family tree and a memorial to those who perished.
The hope was to match these remains with DNA samples gathered from Holocaust survivors and from descendants of the departed.
The project's second aim: to unite those orphaned by the Holocaust with a close relative who survived. With a large database of living survivors, internal matches among them could also turn up.
DNA typing has often been portrayed in the media and the courtroom as a controversial technology but in a way, it certainly acts as a helping tool in identification tool in survivors or dead bodies. People say dead bodies don't talk, but if you study deep to their bones, they tell stories untold.
Nevertheless, the basic premise of the argument is valid and has been incorporated into recommendations about how forensic DNA testing be conducted and interpreted.
In this case, we can even reconstruct genetic profile of someone distant in your family tree or missing family member as gene inheritance happens in family like from grandparents to parents and so forth.
This identification method that is now being used for situations that, due to decomposition and the loss of medical records, have exhausted all other available identification methods.
For example, the World Trade Center 2001 destruction, Hurricane Katrina 2005 and South East Asia tsunami chaos 2004 which resulted in thousands of death which may need few days or weeks to retrieve the bodies and to be brought back to the morgue as weather, lack of humanitarian volunteers, badly affected location and also lack of technology could improve situation.
Forensic and postmortem protocols could check on features like dental, fingerprint, sex, hair color and others. In addition, with further implementation like DNA matching, it is necessary for identification of children who were lacking little antemortem dental or fingerprint data.
With standardized procedures, it would be likely for months to correctly match the corpse using genetic markers. In addition, roughly only 50 to 60% of the 3025 persons who died in 9-11 chaos were managed to be identify in 18 months.
Certain DNA markers that are shared among a deceased individual's DNA profile and several survivors' reference sample profiles indicate that a relative has been found and can now be identified. Of course the high cost of DNA testing and lack of morgue with the expertise in those destructive places may lead to slow identification.
In 2006, the DNA Shoah Project was set to achieve its goal to give the departed Holocausts victims the last respect they deserved and to create a DNA database that can serve as both a genetic family tree and a memorial to those who perished.
The hope was to match these remains with DNA samples gathered from Holocaust survivors and from descendants of the departed.
The project's second aim: to unite those orphaned by the Holocaust with a close relative who survived. With a large database of living survivors, internal matches among them could also turn up.
DNA typing has often been portrayed in the media and the courtroom as a controversial technology but in a way, it certainly acts as a helping tool in identification tool in survivors or dead bodies. People say dead bodies don't talk, but if you study deep to their bones, they tell stories untold.
Nevertheless, the basic premise of the argument is valid and has been incorporated into recommendations about how forensic DNA testing be conducted and interpreted.
DNA of Obesity
In US alone, more than half population is either overweight or obese. The statistic is alarming as obesity is associated with many chronic diseases including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and others. It's a need to identify genes that have prominent influences on obesity.
INSIG2 gene induced by insulin would inhibit the fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. People with a sequence variation near the gene would exhibit more fat accumulation, as the normal functional gene could not complete its potential.
In three rare diseases of severe fat malabsorption, chylomicron retention disease (CMRD), Anderson disease and CMRD with Marinesco Sjogren syndrome, the Sar1b protein required for all dietary fat absorption could not work normally because of genetic mutation.
Gene variant FTO that is susceptible to type 2 diabetes can be found among over half of European population who is linked with obesity causes. If a person with two copies of FTO variant is likely to weigh 3 kilos more than a normal person, and person with only one copy there are more likely to weigh 1.2 kilos more.
The human lipin gene might be a candidate for obesity was excess levels in fat tissue or skeletal muscle will promote the condition. Deficiency in lipin levels would prevent normal development of mature fat cells.
Another mutant gene, ENPP1 which presents in 20% Caucasians and 50% of black people, will block insulin from binding in pancreas and the brain. Thus, the insulin resistance will store excess glucose production from liver as layers of fat and diminish insulin secretion that will lead to increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
GAD2, a gene found on chromosome 10 can speed up the production of a chemical transmitter in the brain, GABA, which stimulates appetite. One form of the gene appeared to protect some people against obesity, while another form increased the risk of the disorder.
About 20 genes maybe involved in causing common obesity, but genetics alone cannot fully account for a worldwide obesity trend in recent decades.
INSIG2 gene induced by insulin would inhibit the fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. People with a sequence variation near the gene would exhibit more fat accumulation, as the normal functional gene could not complete its potential.
In three rare diseases of severe fat malabsorption, chylomicron retention disease (CMRD), Anderson disease and CMRD with Marinesco Sjogren syndrome, the Sar1b protein required for all dietary fat absorption could not work normally because of genetic mutation.
Gene variant FTO that is susceptible to type 2 diabetes can be found among over half of European population who is linked with obesity causes. If a person with two copies of FTO variant is likely to weigh 3 kilos more than a normal person, and person with only one copy there are more likely to weigh 1.2 kilos more.
The human lipin gene might be a candidate for obesity was excess levels in fat tissue or skeletal muscle will promote the condition. Deficiency in lipin levels would prevent normal development of mature fat cells.
Another mutant gene, ENPP1 which presents in 20% Caucasians and 50% of black people, will block insulin from binding in pancreas and the brain. Thus, the insulin resistance will store excess glucose production from liver as layers of fat and diminish insulin secretion that will lead to increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
GAD2, a gene found on chromosome 10 can speed up the production of a chemical transmitter in the brain, GABA, which stimulates appetite. One form of the gene appeared to protect some people against obesity, while another form increased the risk of the disorder.
About 20 genes maybe involved in causing common obesity, but genetics alone cannot fully account for a worldwide obesity trend in recent decades.
DNA In Forensic Science
Since the introduction of DNA testing started to use as evidence in 1990, the criminal justice system has been improved but mistakes and human errors have downplayed the effectiveness of this DNA technology.
This DNA forensic has undeniably helped in solving tough cases and yet, public awareness of the information is only surface touching depth.
Forensic identification tests can link the DNA segments to each individuals existing.
Examples of DNA uses in the field include identification of potential suspects whose DNA maybe match leftovers at crime scenes, establishment of paternity and family relationships of victims whom could not be recognized based on their outlooks and matching organ donors with recipients in transplant programs.
The selected interesting cases of forensic identification which involved the DNA Shoah Project, identification of the 911 and South East Asia 2004 Tsunami victims.
There have been two main types of forensic DNA testing. They are often called; RFLP and PCR based testing, although these terms are not very descriptive.
Generally, RFLP testing requires larger amounts of DNA and the it must be under graded. Crime-scene evidence that is old or present in small amounts, is often unsuitable for RFLP testing.
Warm moist conditions may accelerate DNA degradation rendering it unsuitable for RFLP in a relatively short period of time. PCR-based testing often requires less DNA than RFLP testing and the DNA may be partially degraded, more so than is the case with RFLP. However, PCR still has sample size and degradation limitations that sometimes may be under-appreciated.
PCR-based tests are also extremely sensitive to contaminating DNA at the crime scene and within the test laboratory. During PCR, contaminants may be amplified up to a billion times their original concentration. Contamination can influence PCR results, particularly in the absence of proper handling techniques and proper controls for contamination.
PCR is less direct and somewhat more prone to error than RFLP. However, PCR has tended to replace RFLP in forensic testing primarily because PCR based tests are faster and more sensitive. Science cannot yet provide conclusive results on genetics and behavior. Discovering more about ourselves to the basic components can reveal much more about us.
Blood group, originality, race, allergies, genetic dominance and other elements just showed that we are fascinating creatures to exist on earth.
This DNA forensic has undeniably helped in solving tough cases and yet, public awareness of the information is only surface touching depth.
Forensic identification tests can link the DNA segments to each individuals existing.
Examples of DNA uses in the field include identification of potential suspects whose DNA maybe match leftovers at crime scenes, establishment of paternity and family relationships of victims whom could not be recognized based on their outlooks and matching organ donors with recipients in transplant programs.
The selected interesting cases of forensic identification which involved the DNA Shoah Project, identification of the 911 and South East Asia 2004 Tsunami victims.
There have been two main types of forensic DNA testing. They are often called; RFLP and PCR based testing, although these terms are not very descriptive.
Generally, RFLP testing requires larger amounts of DNA and the it must be under graded. Crime-scene evidence that is old or present in small amounts, is often unsuitable for RFLP testing.
Warm moist conditions may accelerate DNA degradation rendering it unsuitable for RFLP in a relatively short period of time. PCR-based testing often requires less DNA than RFLP testing and the DNA may be partially degraded, more so than is the case with RFLP. However, PCR still has sample size and degradation limitations that sometimes may be under-appreciated.
PCR-based tests are also extremely sensitive to contaminating DNA at the crime scene and within the test laboratory. During PCR, contaminants may be amplified up to a billion times their original concentration. Contamination can influence PCR results, particularly in the absence of proper handling techniques and proper controls for contamination.
PCR is less direct and somewhat more prone to error than RFLP. However, PCR has tended to replace RFLP in forensic testing primarily because PCR based tests are faster and more sensitive. Science cannot yet provide conclusive results on genetics and behavior. Discovering more about ourselves to the basic components can reveal much more about us.
Blood group, originality, race, allergies, genetic dominance and other elements just showed that we are fascinating creatures to exist on earth.
DNA - Overview Of The Importance and Basics
Humans have something in common - DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) which is secretively hidden in our chromosomes. Since DNA is a type of nucleic acids which is made of from millions of nucleotides. Nucleotide is a basic unit of building a long strand of DNA - just like building a house; the basic units are the bricks, concretes and etc.
What is so mysterious about DNA?
Since it's a small structure with approximately 2.2 - 2.6 nanometers wide, it contains a genetic code that can be deciphered to unveiled the secrets of our body. Advances in DNA technology enable us to unlock the secrets of our body as to search for the meaning of mankind.
You look like your mom...you'd got the eyes just like your father...you're as strong as your uncle...
These traits can be explained as it is related to genes - genetic information that inherited from our parents - possibly contains sub-information about our ancestors. DNA can be treated as our entity - a living proof that makes us adapting to all sorts of surroundings.
This represents how humans are enabling to survive since human population had reached more than 6.6 billion as recorded on July 2007.
How do we look different among each other?
All of us differ to the type DNA - means that each of us has DNA which has different genetic information except individual twins who has identical DNA. People often being mislead by assuming fingerprint is similar to DNA.
Actually, humans have their own distinctive fingerprints and DNA but individual twins have different fingerprints. However, differences of DNA among races based on their appearances (phenotypic traits) have yet able to be distinguished as we need more time and effort to map and identify common distinctive traits at the DNA level.
What is so mysterious about DNA?
Since it's a small structure with approximately 2.2 - 2.6 nanometers wide, it contains a genetic code that can be deciphered to unveiled the secrets of our body. Advances in DNA technology enable us to unlock the secrets of our body as to search for the meaning of mankind.
You look like your mom...you'd got the eyes just like your father...you're as strong as your uncle...
These traits can be explained as it is related to genes - genetic information that inherited from our parents - possibly contains sub-information about our ancestors. DNA can be treated as our entity - a living proof that makes us adapting to all sorts of surroundings.
This represents how humans are enabling to survive since human population had reached more than 6.6 billion as recorded on July 2007.
How do we look different among each other?
All of us differ to the type DNA - means that each of us has DNA which has different genetic information except individual twins who has identical DNA. People often being mislead by assuming fingerprint is similar to DNA.
Actually, humans have their own distinctive fingerprints and DNA but individual twins have different fingerprints. However, differences of DNA among races based on their appearances (phenotypic traits) have yet able to be distinguished as we need more time and effort to map and identify common distinctive traits at the DNA level.
Discovery of DNA Teaches Us About Motivation
Besides knowing what DNA stands for - which means "Deoxyribonucleic Acid", there are few things that we might have overlooked. The discovery of DNA model has lead many scientists in encrypting codes of life which could bring us closer to humanity and self-assurance.
DNA replicates in cells when the environment permits them to do so. During DNA replication, new strand of DNA will be duplicated based on the DNA template which acts as a mould. The new DNA strand elongates in which the nucleotides are attached to each other based on sequences of the DNA template. It is like a building-blocks model, it has different color blocks and you use these color blocks to build a tower or a building.
What personal insights that we gain into the discovery of DNA?
In order to start a task, or a project, it must begin with building a foundation. Building a foundation must be based on proper sequences. Similarly in DNA replication process, it begins with a DNA template that allows nucleotides bind at it with joining one nucleotide at a time.
At the same time, a chemical bond is formed among nucleotides which also produce the backbone structure for the newly-formed strand DNA. Things would become awry when you started a project with weak foundation - it like having a sand foundation; things will crumble easily even though you are just getting started.
The newly formed DNA strand eventually matures and become one DNA template in the next DNA replication. It is like a life-cycle - what comes around goes around. Basically, building a foundation is an on-going process; it stops when it is done.
The nucleotides are subsequently joined together by grouping one nucleotide at a time. Creating a product requires sequences. Simple small steps should be taken before making a product. Each small step is crucial in such a way to define our objectives or goals that is essential to our success.
As a matter of fact, we learn to sequence things since young and it has proven that our focuses on life can be maintained as we reached different stages of life.
In the blooming of DNA technology era, DNA testing has been introduced to various fields that have increase popularity of the noble DNA structure which has celebrated 50 years of its discovery. DNA testing has raised humanity issues such as tracking down our ancestor lines. As we know that our DNA contains genes that inherited by our parents, it is possible that we can have track down our ancestors based on modern DNA testing procedures.
DNA is a unique structure that stores millions of information about inheritance. Some of this information is passed from one generation to the other. Ancestor search show us about our existence, and how we are connected to each other.
Each of us has an identity - it means that we have our own distinctive DNA fingerprint. Our DNA fingerprint is like our entity - it is private and protected according to civil rights. There is nothing to be ashamed of being different than others.
Knowing our existence helps us to understand ourselves better including pin-pointing our strengths and weaknesses. These could improve your ability to communicate with people especially in broadening social networking.
There had been several cases about exoneration of wrongfully imprisoned convicts over the past few years. It takes perseverance and patience for them to find new taste of life. DNA testing has given them fresh of life and brought justice back to them. People have gain insight into the plight of the innocent prisoners, as they have begun appreciating the values of life. It has taught us to be firm at making decisions and be brave to make a stand against criticisms.
The discovery of DNA creates precedence of current DNA testing technology that leads us to a promising future.
DNA replicates in cells when the environment permits them to do so. During DNA replication, new strand of DNA will be duplicated based on the DNA template which acts as a mould. The new DNA strand elongates in which the nucleotides are attached to each other based on sequences of the DNA template. It is like a building-blocks model, it has different color blocks and you use these color blocks to build a tower or a building.
What personal insights that we gain into the discovery of DNA?
In order to start a task, or a project, it must begin with building a foundation. Building a foundation must be based on proper sequences. Similarly in DNA replication process, it begins with a DNA template that allows nucleotides bind at it with joining one nucleotide at a time.
At the same time, a chemical bond is formed among nucleotides which also produce the backbone structure for the newly-formed strand DNA. Things would become awry when you started a project with weak foundation - it like having a sand foundation; things will crumble easily even though you are just getting started.
The newly formed DNA strand eventually matures and become one DNA template in the next DNA replication. It is like a life-cycle - what comes around goes around. Basically, building a foundation is an on-going process; it stops when it is done.
The nucleotides are subsequently joined together by grouping one nucleotide at a time. Creating a product requires sequences. Simple small steps should be taken before making a product. Each small step is crucial in such a way to define our objectives or goals that is essential to our success.
As a matter of fact, we learn to sequence things since young and it has proven that our focuses on life can be maintained as we reached different stages of life.
In the blooming of DNA technology era, DNA testing has been introduced to various fields that have increase popularity of the noble DNA structure which has celebrated 50 years of its discovery. DNA testing has raised humanity issues such as tracking down our ancestor lines. As we know that our DNA contains genes that inherited by our parents, it is possible that we can have track down our ancestors based on modern DNA testing procedures.
DNA is a unique structure that stores millions of information about inheritance. Some of this information is passed from one generation to the other. Ancestor search show us about our existence, and how we are connected to each other.
Each of us has an identity - it means that we have our own distinctive DNA fingerprint. Our DNA fingerprint is like our entity - it is private and protected according to civil rights. There is nothing to be ashamed of being different than others.
Knowing our existence helps us to understand ourselves better including pin-pointing our strengths and weaknesses. These could improve your ability to communicate with people especially in broadening social networking.
There had been several cases about exoneration of wrongfully imprisoned convicts over the past few years. It takes perseverance and patience for them to find new taste of life. DNA testing has given them fresh of life and brought justice back to them. People have gain insight into the plight of the innocent prisoners, as they have begun appreciating the values of life. It has taught us to be firm at making decisions and be brave to make a stand against criticisms.
The discovery of DNA creates precedence of current DNA testing technology that leads us to a promising future.
Cosmetics And DNA
Think of Pamela Anderson Lee figure model displaying the perfect tone body on billboard advertisements on the highway.
Think of photo shopped pictures of celebrities on pages of magazine.
Think of how the plastic surgery enhancement crazes mania amongst the Hollywood celebrities.
With all these obsession about a certain small thing that we described as outlook, people use to turn to cosmetics enhancement procedures like invasive plastic surgery that involves scalpels, lasers and injections or now, a new trend that doesn't need operation procedure but it's called DNA magic.
Cosmetics company, Valmont, sells a concoction called Cellular DNA complex which they claimed made from 'specially treated salmon roe DNA' at the price of £236 for seven phials.
The enhancement features include moisturizing, regenerating and protecting of DNA. Does smearing specially treated salmon DNA on your face will do wonders?
To vanish those wrinkles on our face forever, the biggest anti-ageing advancement since Botox declared by Clients of Dermagenetics have changed our way we think about beauty products.
If their claims are true, that also means that we have wasted on the money on beauty products that actually are doing us more harm than good. In the procedures, a patient is sent a kit, which includes two cotton swab and a return envelope.
They are asked to rub the swab along the inner cheek ten to 12 times before leaving it to dry and sending it back for testing. Experts will measure the genetic propensity for collagen breakdown, wrinkling, skin ageing, and their skin's ability to tolerate environmental pollutants and overall skin health from the cells.
Within a fortnight, clients will be sent a tailor made night cream that contains various minerals, enzymes, herbal extracts and acids specifically balanced to suit them.
But is this a clever marketing campaign to make money faster by blinding people with science? It also makes us believe that understanding our own DNA can reverse the ageing process?
European and American legislators have established a policy of closely scrutinizing any anti-ageing claims for cosmetic products.
However, we can't deny that one extremely effective tool would be a product that helps cells to repair DNA damage.
Existence of a liposome like vesicle containing either T4 endonuclease V or a photolyase from cyanobacteria is industrially manufactures and their effectiveness has been proven beyond doubt.
The former has appointed as a drug in the USA and Japan to treat genetic disease xeroderma pigmentosum.
Importance and deep interest in this issue only pointed out our desires: to find products that would not only have cosmetic value for the skin but would surely benefit the rest of our bodies.
Think of photo shopped pictures of celebrities on pages of magazine.
Think of how the plastic surgery enhancement crazes mania amongst the Hollywood celebrities.
With all these obsession about a certain small thing that we described as outlook, people use to turn to cosmetics enhancement procedures like invasive plastic surgery that involves scalpels, lasers and injections or now, a new trend that doesn't need operation procedure but it's called DNA magic.
Cosmetics company, Valmont, sells a concoction called Cellular DNA complex which they claimed made from 'specially treated salmon roe DNA' at the price of £236 for seven phials.
The enhancement features include moisturizing, regenerating and protecting of DNA. Does smearing specially treated salmon DNA on your face will do wonders?
To vanish those wrinkles on our face forever, the biggest anti-ageing advancement since Botox declared by Clients of Dermagenetics have changed our way we think about beauty products.
If their claims are true, that also means that we have wasted on the money on beauty products that actually are doing us more harm than good. In the procedures, a patient is sent a kit, which includes two cotton swab and a return envelope.
They are asked to rub the swab along the inner cheek ten to 12 times before leaving it to dry and sending it back for testing. Experts will measure the genetic propensity for collagen breakdown, wrinkling, skin ageing, and their skin's ability to tolerate environmental pollutants and overall skin health from the cells.
Within a fortnight, clients will be sent a tailor made night cream that contains various minerals, enzymes, herbal extracts and acids specifically balanced to suit them.
But is this a clever marketing campaign to make money faster by blinding people with science? It also makes us believe that understanding our own DNA can reverse the ageing process?
European and American legislators have established a policy of closely scrutinizing any anti-ageing claims for cosmetic products.
However, we can't deny that one extremely effective tool would be a product that helps cells to repair DNA damage.
Existence of a liposome like vesicle containing either T4 endonuclease V or a photolyase from cyanobacteria is industrially manufactures and their effectiveness has been proven beyond doubt.
The former has appointed as a drug in the USA and Japan to treat genetic disease xeroderma pigmentosum.
Importance and deep interest in this issue only pointed out our desires: to find products that would not only have cosmetic value for the skin but would surely benefit the rest of our bodies.
DNA Markers for Genealogy
DNA Markers for Genealogy - Mitochondrial DNA Genealogy
Who else wants to know about DNA markers for genealogy? Here is a simple scientific test to trace your ancestors. Did you know that DNA From One Generation To The Other Is Almost Conclusive Evidence. This breakthrough in genealogy research has been making headlines for the past several years with some astounding proof of kinship between some very prominent historical figures.
DNA testing for family tree is not only convenient, but also simple. You find a genealogy testing company either in the phone book of on the Internet. Next, make an appointment and go to the company on your assigned day, fill out the forms, pay the fee and your good to go. The DNA genealogy test starts with a mouth swab of your mouth near the cheek. Many companies give you a kit so you can do the mouth swab at home and mail in the results to the laboratory. After the laboratory tests the DNA, the results are sent back to testee.
Wide DNA Databases Compare
The company doing the genealogy DNA testing will obviously need to have access to DNA databases which they will use to make comparisons and once these comparisons show their results, the company will then send you the results regarding whom your DNA swab matched with. You should realize that each and every cell is sure to have your DNA and whether it is your sperm or egg cells or even the sex cells, you will be providing your own unique DNA for further matching.
Parents Pinpointed
Listen closely. Genealogy DNA testing is helpful in pinpointing an individual's parentage and it can be used extensively when you need to know who the mother is, and also in case of adoptions. Thus, it is easy to see how genealogy DNA testing can help with creating your family tree because your DNA will have been passed from one generation to the next and the information pertaining to your ancestors will be encoded therein.
The Egg The Sperm
When your sperm and also egg cell combine together, a new cell is created that will hold DNA from either parent and when genealogy DNA testing is performed in specialist laboratories, they will help provide evidence whether you are related to another person with a matching DNA. What's more, the chances of two persons having identical DNA are very small with the exception of identical twins which are due to the fact that their DNA is identical because the fertilized egg had split and formed two fetuses obtained from a single sperm and also from the same egg.
Cutting Edge Medical Science Genealogy DNA Testing
Just imagine, as DNA is passed from generation to generation there is very little change in its structure. This is amazing and is the primary reason to use DNA markers for genealogy testing to explore your ancestry. In no time at all, the link between families can be nailed down and makes the construction of a family tree that much more reliable and accurate. And new advances are being made in medical science to enhance and improve the DNA testing for family tree.
Who else wants to know about DNA markers for genealogy? Here is a simple scientific test to trace your ancestors. Did you know that DNA From One Generation To The Other Is Almost Conclusive Evidence. This breakthrough in genealogy research has been making headlines for the past several years with some astounding proof of kinship between some very prominent historical figures.
DNA testing for family tree is not only convenient, but also simple. You find a genealogy testing company either in the phone book of on the Internet. Next, make an appointment and go to the company on your assigned day, fill out the forms, pay the fee and your good to go. The DNA genealogy test starts with a mouth swab of your mouth near the cheek. Many companies give you a kit so you can do the mouth swab at home and mail in the results to the laboratory. After the laboratory tests the DNA, the results are sent back to testee.
Wide DNA Databases Compare
The company doing the genealogy DNA testing will obviously need to have access to DNA databases which they will use to make comparisons and once these comparisons show their results, the company will then send you the results regarding whom your DNA swab matched with. You should realize that each and every cell is sure to have your DNA and whether it is your sperm or egg cells or even the sex cells, you will be providing your own unique DNA for further matching.
Parents Pinpointed
Listen closely. Genealogy DNA testing is helpful in pinpointing an individual's parentage and it can be used extensively when you need to know who the mother is, and also in case of adoptions. Thus, it is easy to see how genealogy DNA testing can help with creating your family tree because your DNA will have been passed from one generation to the next and the information pertaining to your ancestors will be encoded therein.
The Egg The Sperm
When your sperm and also egg cell combine together, a new cell is created that will hold DNA from either parent and when genealogy DNA testing is performed in specialist laboratories, they will help provide evidence whether you are related to another person with a matching DNA. What's more, the chances of two persons having identical DNA are very small with the exception of identical twins which are due to the fact that their DNA is identical because the fertilized egg had split and formed two fetuses obtained from a single sperm and also from the same egg.
Cutting Edge Medical Science Genealogy DNA Testing
Just imagine, as DNA is passed from generation to generation there is very little change in its structure. This is amazing and is the primary reason to use DNA markers for genealogy testing to explore your ancestry. In no time at all, the link between families can be nailed down and makes the construction of a family tree that much more reliable and accurate. And new advances are being made in medical science to enhance and improve the DNA testing for family tree.
DNA Results Returned for Puppy Killing Marines
A new human subspecies crawled forth from a Marine Corp tent in Iraq this week. Not one, but two of these hideous specimens were spotted tossing a puppy off a cliff just moments after they'd been seen picking each other's noses.
Scientist immediately collected DNA samples to determine whether or not these two advanced forms of primordial scum were in anyway genetically similar to a former Atlanta Falcons Quarterback unearthed last year in North America.
According to Evolutionary Geneticist Dr. Kilem Freaks of Gingivitis State University. "It's rare to discover one hominid subspecies that evolved without a spine, well enough two on two continents." He went on two add, "The DNA similarities are quite astonishing. In fact we are rerunning the test just to be sure, but it appears Michael Vick may actually be the lost love-child of these two murderous Marines. Oorah!
While a team of scientists continue there in-depth research, Congress Woman Stella Lize-Themall proposed that the nation's cities abandon their fanatically floundering and failed Breed Specific Legislation (BS Legislation) attempts and move on to a more logical approach to cleansing the mammalian gene pool of defective DNA. Lize-Themall suggested Human Specific Legislation. The four guiding principals of the legislation are as follows.
1) Removal from the Gene Pool - Puppy murderers and dog fighters would be immediately castrated or sterilized with the exact same amount of anesthetic they gave the dogs before abusing them. Any living children of these offenders would also be immediately spayed/neutered to appease BS supporters who feel genes determine everything.
2) No Cost to the Public - Bills to recoup financial costs for the sterilization and incarceration of this spineless hominid subspecies will be sent to whatever pro ball team or armed forces branch they belong to. If they are not a member of any such organization, I'll happily pay the bill!
3) Reuse and Recycle - The supply of extremely tiny little balls resulting from the castrations will be sent to HuMenue Foods and ground into prison cafeteria food.
4) Decreasing the Trade Deficit - There will be a mandatory 40 year incarceration after castration. Then these ball-less, spineless creatures will be embedded in clear plastic and sold as displays to casinos in Beijing.
Meantime, an anonymous source reports that the city of Denver Colorado has offered both Marines a spot on the town council in the event they are bitch-slapped out of the service, as they should be. One of the Marines involved is reported to have responded to the offer by saying, "Denver? Isn't that there one of them fancy Omelet things? I used to light chickens on fire back on the farm."
Scientist immediately collected DNA samples to determine whether or not these two advanced forms of primordial scum were in anyway genetically similar to a former Atlanta Falcons Quarterback unearthed last year in North America.
According to Evolutionary Geneticist Dr. Kilem Freaks of Gingivitis State University. "It's rare to discover one hominid subspecies that evolved without a spine, well enough two on two continents." He went on two add, "The DNA similarities are quite astonishing. In fact we are rerunning the test just to be sure, but it appears Michael Vick may actually be the lost love-child of these two murderous Marines. Oorah!
While a team of scientists continue there in-depth research, Congress Woman Stella Lize-Themall proposed that the nation's cities abandon their fanatically floundering and failed Breed Specific Legislation (BS Legislation) attempts and move on to a more logical approach to cleansing the mammalian gene pool of defective DNA. Lize-Themall suggested Human Specific Legislation. The four guiding principals of the legislation are as follows.
1) Removal from the Gene Pool - Puppy murderers and dog fighters would be immediately castrated or sterilized with the exact same amount of anesthetic they gave the dogs before abusing them. Any living children of these offenders would also be immediately spayed/neutered to appease BS supporters who feel genes determine everything.
2) No Cost to the Public - Bills to recoup financial costs for the sterilization and incarceration of this spineless hominid subspecies will be sent to whatever pro ball team or armed forces branch they belong to. If they are not a member of any such organization, I'll happily pay the bill!
3) Reuse and Recycle - The supply of extremely tiny little balls resulting from the castrations will be sent to HuMenue Foods and ground into prison cafeteria food.
4) Decreasing the Trade Deficit - There will be a mandatory 40 year incarceration after castration. Then these ball-less, spineless creatures will be embedded in clear plastic and sold as displays to casinos in Beijing.
Meantime, an anonymous source reports that the city of Denver Colorado has offered both Marines a spot on the town council in the event they are bitch-slapped out of the service, as they should be. One of the Marines involved is reported to have responded to the offer by saying, "Denver? Isn't that there one of them fancy Omelet things? I used to light chickens on fire back on the farm."
The DNA Evolution
In the schools of Thelemic influence, the evolution and realisation of the being (soul) is described as the EMANCIPATION. Modern Spiritual Physics rather speak of METAMORPHOSIS, thus extending the concept of an illuminated spiritual path not only towards “recovery†and “awakeningâ€, but also of the attainment of new heights and a new piritual “conquestâ€.
The Ascension schools put the emphasis on the process of ASCENSION, underlining the importance of a coordinated and complete evolution on all the planes of existence and reality of the being. All the schools, from the most traditional to the most modern, see evolution as the realisation of an evolutional process through multidimensional experiences of this particular Universe and describe a spiritual but also a physical evolution that occurs. Nonetheless, the concept of physical evolution must be extended to a holistic system far greater than the current terrestrial sensorial experience.
The path towards CONSCIENCE (its integration, re-composition and re-evolution) can be taken through various possible “ways†that begin at different points: the evolution of the states of consciousness through Meditation, Ceremonial Magick or, for instance, the Kabala, the awakening of the spiritual and vital energies based on Alchemy and the work on the Chakras, the completeness of the Androgen through Tantrism, the recovery of the Archetypes and the re-awakening of the internal senses according to Spiritual Physics.
Ascension schools also put the emphasis on the process of reactivation of the nitrogen basis that compose human DNA (two strands today of what should be over 3 billion). In order to position this last assertion in the proper context and integrate it with the knowledge divulged on this website, it is important to firstly make a few mental connections and keep in mind a couple of elements as follows:
-The composition of matter and its “base bricks†-The connection between Alchemic Elements and Temporal Matrices (therefore Derivative Laws) -The relationship between the base bricks of matter and Thought -The relationship between the sub-conscious and the soul personalities along with their ideal functionalities on more planes of reality (multidimensional incarnation concept) -The relationship between the concept of reality, the archetypes, the 163 elements and the internal senses, therefore -The relationship between thought/complexity, awareness/perception, derivative laws, the elements and DNA as the programmed pillar and structure of our species DNA is the internal memory (mental and emotional) of every particle and cell of time and space. This memory can potentially contain the entire history from the beginning of creation until the present time. DNA, through the sequences of the genetic code, is the core conservation and transmission program for universal information.
The decoding of the human genome leaves us with a lot of interrogations. It is clear that the entire DNA structure is potentially useful and refers to a more complete existence that we no longer have access to for various reasons connected to our alien and terrestrial history. Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine correspond to the alchemic elements or air, fire, water and earth and establish a certain “order†within us, which also supports our vital, psycho-physical and spiritual functions.
We know that each alchemic element corresponds to a precise order of matrices of derivative laws that constitute the structure of our quarks and base matter. These are sensitive to THOUGHT and are closely related to the plane of existence that we are able to perceive with our senses, both external and internal, as well as the applicable archetypes. It is all connected.
With regards to human life on this planet to the extent of what we know today, approximately 200,000 years ago the Sirians disseminated the red race, the Pleiadians (180,000 years ago) the yellow race and the Sirian-Assirians (150,000 years ago) the black race. Therefore in a sense the first human beings disseminated by the Sirians could count on a structural level of awareness (both physical and light bodies) based on 36,000 active base pairs. These pairs progressively reduced to the two we currently have and therefore suffered a redimensioning (literally, from a dimensional point of view) of the concept of reality.
Until not too long ago, the base pairs were actually 12 and the astrological system was a method to decode it, with the 12 corresponding zodiacal signs which established a convention for the interpretation of human character.
Therefore, spiritual and physical complexity go hand in hand, which helps us understand what is meant by Metamorphosis and Complete Ascension. Ideally, an initiatic path prepares the etheric level for the recovery and reactivation of DNA. It may follow a certain course, described below using the conventional terms our of friends of the School of Global Ascension, but this can be listed differently:
• Initiate, 3,000 • Bodhisattva, 6,000 • Mahavisnu, 15,000 • Third Dimension Conscience: 36,000 • Level of Oneness, 200,000 • True Friend of God, 1,000,000 • Passage to Fourth Dimension: 5,000,000 • Passage to Fifth Dimension: 25,000,000 • Passage to 25th Dimension: 100,000,000 • And so on and so forth until the Realisation of Conscience and Divinisation of Reality, 3,000,000,000
It is therefore all connected: participation and extended dimensions, archetypes, internal senses, illumination, awakening of the inner god, use of thought, etc. However we wish to call it, the process begins, extends and reaches realisation, consistently co-involving hand in hand the sphere of intimate awareness, etheric bodies and those that are exquisitely physical. All of which is reciprocal and directly reflected on the concept of reality.
The Ascension schools put the emphasis on the process of ASCENSION, underlining the importance of a coordinated and complete evolution on all the planes of existence and reality of the being. All the schools, from the most traditional to the most modern, see evolution as the realisation of an evolutional process through multidimensional experiences of this particular Universe and describe a spiritual but also a physical evolution that occurs. Nonetheless, the concept of physical evolution must be extended to a holistic system far greater than the current terrestrial sensorial experience.
The path towards CONSCIENCE (its integration, re-composition and re-evolution) can be taken through various possible “ways†that begin at different points: the evolution of the states of consciousness through Meditation, Ceremonial Magick or, for instance, the Kabala, the awakening of the spiritual and vital energies based on Alchemy and the work on the Chakras, the completeness of the Androgen through Tantrism, the recovery of the Archetypes and the re-awakening of the internal senses according to Spiritual Physics.
Ascension schools also put the emphasis on the process of reactivation of the nitrogen basis that compose human DNA (two strands today of what should be over 3 billion). In order to position this last assertion in the proper context and integrate it with the knowledge divulged on this website, it is important to firstly make a few mental connections and keep in mind a couple of elements as follows:
-The composition of matter and its “base bricks†-The connection between Alchemic Elements and Temporal Matrices (therefore Derivative Laws) -The relationship between the base bricks of matter and Thought -The relationship between the sub-conscious and the soul personalities along with their ideal functionalities on more planes of reality (multidimensional incarnation concept) -The relationship between the concept of reality, the archetypes, the 163 elements and the internal senses, therefore -The relationship between thought/complexity, awareness/perception, derivative laws, the elements and DNA as the programmed pillar and structure of our species DNA is the internal memory (mental and emotional) of every particle and cell of time and space. This memory can potentially contain the entire history from the beginning of creation until the present time. DNA, through the sequences of the genetic code, is the core conservation and transmission program for universal information.
The decoding of the human genome leaves us with a lot of interrogations. It is clear that the entire DNA structure is potentially useful and refers to a more complete existence that we no longer have access to for various reasons connected to our alien and terrestrial history. Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine correspond to the alchemic elements or air, fire, water and earth and establish a certain “order†within us, which also supports our vital, psycho-physical and spiritual functions.
We know that each alchemic element corresponds to a precise order of matrices of derivative laws that constitute the structure of our quarks and base matter. These are sensitive to THOUGHT and are closely related to the plane of existence that we are able to perceive with our senses, both external and internal, as well as the applicable archetypes. It is all connected.
With regards to human life on this planet to the extent of what we know today, approximately 200,000 years ago the Sirians disseminated the red race, the Pleiadians (180,000 years ago) the yellow race and the Sirian-Assirians (150,000 years ago) the black race. Therefore in a sense the first human beings disseminated by the Sirians could count on a structural level of awareness (both physical and light bodies) based on 36,000 active base pairs. These pairs progressively reduced to the two we currently have and therefore suffered a redimensioning (literally, from a dimensional point of view) of the concept of reality.
Until not too long ago, the base pairs were actually 12 and the astrological system was a method to decode it, with the 12 corresponding zodiacal signs which established a convention for the interpretation of human character.
Therefore, spiritual and physical complexity go hand in hand, which helps us understand what is meant by Metamorphosis and Complete Ascension. Ideally, an initiatic path prepares the etheric level for the recovery and reactivation of DNA. It may follow a certain course, described below using the conventional terms our of friends of the School of Global Ascension, but this can be listed differently:
• Initiate, 3,000 • Bodhisattva, 6,000 • Mahavisnu, 15,000 • Third Dimension Conscience: 36,000 • Level of Oneness, 200,000 • True Friend of God, 1,000,000 • Passage to Fourth Dimension: 5,000,000 • Passage to Fifth Dimension: 25,000,000 • Passage to 25th Dimension: 100,000,000 • And so on and so forth until the Realisation of Conscience and Divinisation of Reality, 3,000,000,000
It is therefore all connected: participation and extended dimensions, archetypes, internal senses, illumination, awakening of the inner god, use of thought, etc. However we wish to call it, the process begins, extends and reaches realisation, consistently co-involving hand in hand the sphere of intimate awareness, etheric bodies and those that are exquisitely physical. All of which is reciprocal and directly reflected on the concept of reality.
Get To Know The DNA Of Sucess System
We - you, me, and hundreds of thousands of people - spend $1000's on self-help books, tapes and seminars and NEVER see the results we expect and desperately want. There had to be a better solution, one that actually worked....
The Self Help industry, Motivational Experts and Success Coaches - even though they mean well (God bless them) and genuinely want you to be successful - they are stunting, maybe even permanently destroying your chance to be successful and they don't even know it.
By the way, I do have good news for you!
When you are finished reading this letter you will have a simple, never before revealed, step-by-step blueprint of how to achieve exactly what you want in life and the true cause for success in life - including making more money, complete time freedom, unshakeable confidence, a fulfilling marriage, a loving family, whatever you desire - and it's easier then you think.
The Self Help industry, Motivational Experts and Success Coaches - even though they mean well (God bless them) and genuinely want you to be successful - they are stunting, maybe even permanently destroying your chance to be successful and they don't even know it.
By the way, I do have good news for you!
When you are finished reading this letter you will have a simple, never before revealed, step-by-step blueprint of how to achieve exactly what you want in life and the true cause for success in life - including making more money, complete time freedom, unshakeable confidence, a fulfilling marriage, a loving family, whatever you desire - and it's easier then you think.
Identifying DNA Evidence
Since only a few cells can be sufficient to obtain useful DNA information to help your case, the list below identifies some common items of evidence that you may need to collect, the possible location of the DNA on the evidence, and the biological source containing the cells. Remember that just because you cannot see a stain does not mean there are not enough cells for DNA typing. Further, DNA does more than just identify the source of the sample; it can place a known individual at a crime scene, in a home, or in a room where the suspect claimed not to have been. It can refute a claim of self-defense and put a weapon in the suspect's hand. It can change a story from an alibi to one of consent. The more officers know how to use DNA, the more powerful a tool it becomes
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